Computer Free Knowlege: Programming Langugaes

Expressions That Are Used In C Language

0 all, Articles, Programming Langugaes 14:31:00

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Expressions consist of constants and variables combined together with operators. Five types of operators are used in C language which are:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Arithmetic Operators</li>
<li>Assignment Operators</li>
<li>Relational Operators</li>
<li>Logical Operators</li>
<li>Increment/Decrement Operators</li>
</ul>
<b>Arithmetic Operators:</b><br />
                                   There are two precedence levels for these arithmetic operators. The high priority operators are “*” and “%” and the low priority operators are “+” and“–”. When an expression containing several of these operators is evaluated, all high priority operations are performed first in the order in which they occur, from left to right and then all low priority operations are carried out in the order in which they occur.<br />
<br />
<b>Assignment Operators:</b><br />
                                       The basic assignment operator is "=". This is used to assign value of an expression to variable. It has the general form:<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
variable = expression</div>
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<br /></div>
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When expression may be a constant, another variable is to which a value has previously been assigned or a formula to be solved.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
sum = 1 =b;</div>
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In addition to "=", there are a number of assignment operators unique to C language. If “OP” represents any of these operators then</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
variable op = expression</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Relational Operators:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
                                    Relational operators are used to compare two values of the same type. In C, there are six types of relational operators are used. These are:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Equal To ( = )</li>
<li>Not equal to ( != )</li>
<li>Less than ( < )</li>
<li>Greater than ( > )</li>
<li>Less than or equal to ( <=)</li>
<li>Greater than or equal to ( >= )</li>
</ol>
"=" and "!=" both operators have the same value which is lower then the same level of other four operators.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div>
In C, true is represented by the integer 1 and false is represented by the integer “0”. In some languages true and false values are represented by a special type of variable type called “Boolean”. There is no such data type in C language, so true and false are represented by integers 1 and 0</div>
<div>
<b>Logical Operators:</b></div>
<div>
                               These operators are used for forming compound conditions from simple ones. There are three types of logical operators in C.</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Not ( ! )</li>
<li>And ( && )</li>
<li>Or ( I I )</li>
</ol>
In an expression containing several logical operators, the operations are performed in the order ! , && and II. Brackets may be used to indicate sub expressions that should be evaluated first. This means that ! Has the highest priority, && next and then II.</div>
<div>
<b>Increment/Decrement Operators:</b></div>
<div>
                                                       There are two types of Inc/Dec operators are used in C language. These are :</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Increment by 1 ( ++ )</li>
<li>Decrement by 1 ( -- )</li>
</ul>
In certain situations ++x and x++ have different effect. This is because ++x increments N before using its value whereas x++ increments a after it is used.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
a = ++a;</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
First increments a and then assign the value 2 to a. But the statement</div>
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a = a++;</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
First assign the value 3 to a and then increments a to 2. In both cases a is assigned the value to 2.</div>
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Expressions That Are Used In C Language

Expressions consist of constants and variables combined together with operators. Five types of operators are used in C language which are: ...

How You Can Test & Debugged Your Program

0 all, Programming Langugaes 15:44:00

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Computer programs are subject to errors as they are written by human beings. Program errors are known as bugs and the process of detaching and correcting the errors is called debugging. In general, testing is the process of making sure that the program performs the intended task and debugging in the process of finding and eliminating program errors. Testing and debugging are important steps in developing computer programs.<br />
<br />
In general, there are two types of errors that occur in a computer program, there are:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Syntax Errors.</li>
<li>Logical Errors.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b>Syntax Errors:</b></div>
<div>
                         Syntax errors result when the rules or syntax of the programming languages are not followed. For example, the C statement c=(w +a/4) have a syntax error. In this example, the syntax error is a missing closing parenthesis.</div>
<div>
Almost all language processors are designed to detect syntax errors. The language processors print error messages that indicate the number of the statement having error and give hints about the nature of the error. These error messages are very useful and are used by the programmers to rectify the syntax errors in the programs. Thus, it is relatively easy task to detect and correct syntax errors. It should be noted that is high-level languages, such as Fortran, Cobol, etc, a single syntax error often causes multiple error messages.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Logical Errors:</b></div>
<div>
                          The second type of error, a logical error is an error in planning the program’s logic. In this case the language processor successfully translates the source code into machine code. The computer actually does not know that an error has been made. It follows the program instructions and outputs the incorrect results or stops during execution.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The computer does not tell you what is wrong. For example, if a C instruction should be “x=y*a” but has been coded as “x=y+a”, this error will not be detected by the language processor since no language rules have been broken.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In order to determine where or not a logical error exists, the program must be tested. The purpose of testing is to determine where the results are correct or not. The resting procedure involves running the program to process input test data that will produce known result.</div>
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</div>

How You Can Test & Debugged Your Program

Computer programs are subject to errors as they are written by human beings. Program errors are known as bugs and the process of detaching ...

Basic Structure Of A C Programming Language

0 all, Articles, Programming Langugaes 11:07:00

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A C program consists of one or more functions. The function main () is the first function to be executed in a C program. The body of the function is surrounded by braces. The left brace indicates the start of the function and the matching right brace indicates its end. At the beginning of a C program, header files are included in a statement that informs the C compiler to include its declarations in the user's program. Each statement of C language is terminated with a semicolon. To introduce the structure of C program we will start with a very simple program that will print the message:<br />
<br />
#include <stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include <conio .h=""></conio><br />
main ()<br />
{<br />
       printf("Pakistan");<br />
}<br />
<br />
<b>Output:</b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Pakistan</b></div>
<br />
The # sigh indicates that this is an instruction for the compiler.<stdio .h=""> stands for stander input/output header and the word include informs the C compiler to include the declarations in the file stdio.h in the user's program. One item included in this header is a declaration of the function prints (). Almost any program needs to perform I/O operations. Therefore, most of the C programs must be preceded by this instruction.</stdio><br />
<br />
A C program consists of one or more functions. C uses functions as the building blocks of its programs. A function performs a single well-defined task. Every C program must have the function main () which is the first section to be executed when the program runs. The body of the function is surrounded by braces. The left brace indicates the start of the body of the function the matching right brace indicates the end of the body of the function.<br />
<br />
The body of the function in my program consists of a single statement printf () which ends with a semicolon. Printf () is the standard output function. The text to be printed is enclosed in double quotes. A statement in C is terminated with a semicolon. Therefore, a semicolon is used at the end of printf () statement. The effect is the the string "Pakistan" is printed on the screen when the program runs.<br />
<br /></div>

Basic Structure Of A C Programming Language

A C program consists of one or more functions. The function main () is the first function to be executed in a C program. The body of the fu...

Choices And Decisions That Are Used In C Language (The IF, IF-ELSE, ELSE-IF, Switch statement)

0 all, Articles, Programming Langugaes 10:28:00

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Decision-making is very important in any king of programming, It would not be possible to solve most problems without the ability to alter the sequence of instructions in a program based on the result of comparing data values. you make choices and decisions in C programs. This enables you to write programs that can adopt their actions depending on the input data.<br />
Computer Languages are also able to perform different tasks depending on the circumstances uses the following statements to implement choices and decisions in programs.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The if statement</li>
<li>The if-else statement</li>
<li>The else-if statement</li>
<li>The switch statement</li>
<li>The Conditional operator</li>
</ul>
<b>THE IF STATEMENT:</b><br />
This statement allows your program to execute a single statement or a block of statements enclosed between braces, if a given condition is ture.<br />
<b>SYNTAX:</b><br />
If statement has the general form<br />
 If (condition)<br />
{<br />
 Block of statements<br />
}<br />
<b>EXAMPLE:</b><br />
Let us have a look at a simple program that uses if statement<br />
<br />
#include <stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include <conio .h=""></conio><br />
main()<br />
{<br />
         int marks;<br />
         printf("Enter your marks;");<br />
         scanf("%d",&marks);<br />
         if (Marks>32)<br />
{<br />
            Printf("\nCongratulations");<br />
            Printf("\nYou passed");<br />
                }<br />
}<br />
<br />
When this program is executed, it will prompt you to enter your marks.If you enter marks greater then 32 then program will print:<br />
<br />
                    Congrautlations<br />
                    You Passed<br />
<b>THE IF-ELSE STATEMENT:</b><br />
The if statement executes a statement if the condition specified is true. Program execution then continues with the next statement in sequence. It might be that we want to execute a particular statement or block of statements only when the condition is false. It has an extension of the if that allows one course of action to be followed if the condition is true and another to be executed if the condition is false.<br />
<b>SYNTAX:</b><br />
If has the general form<br />
      if (condition)<br />
      {<br />
              block of statements<br />
        }<br />
        else<br />
        {<br />
             block of statements<br />
         }<br />
<b>EXAMPLE:</b><br />
<b><br />
</b> #include<stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include<conio .h=""></conio><br />
main()<br />
{<br />
            int marks;<br />
            print("\enter your marks");<br />
            scanf("%d",&marks);<br />
            if (Marks>32)<br />
            {<br />
                printf("\nCongratutions");<br />
                printf("\nYOu are passed");<br />
             }<br />
               else<br />
               printf("\nYou are failed");<br />
             }<br />
<br />
<b>THE ELSE-IF STATEMENT:</b><br />
This statement is very useful in programming when we have more than two choices to be taken based on different conditions. During its execution each condition is checked starting from the first. When a condition that results in true is encountered, The block of statements following it are executed. The else in this statement is optional. If all the conditions are false and there is no else clause then none of the instructions in the else-if statement will e executed and the control will be transferred to the next instruction.<br />
<b>SYNTAX:</b><br />
The else-if statement has the general from is:<br />
if(condition)<br />
{<br />
          block of statements<br />
}<br />
         else if(condition)<br />
{<br />
                       block of statements<br />
}<br />
     else if(condition)<br />
                       block of statements<br />
}<br />
<br />
<b>EXAMPLE:</b><br />
<b><br />
</b> #include<stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include<conio .h=""></conio><br />
main()<br />
{<br />
       int choice;<br />
       float x, y;<br />
<br />
       printf("\nperform arithmetic operations.\n");<br />
       printf("\n1. Addition");<br />
       printf("\n2. subtraction")<br />
       printf("\n3. multiplication");<br />
       printf("\n3. division\n");<br />
       printf("\nEnter your choice:\n");<br />
       scaf("%d",&choice);<br />
<br />
       printf(\n enter 2 numbers;");<br />
       scanf("\n%f %f",&x,&y);<br />
<br />
      if(choice==1)<br />
                   printF("\nsum=&6.2f" ,x+y);<br />
      else if(choice==2)<br />
                  printf("\ndifference=%6.2f",x=y);<br />
      else if(choice==3)<br />
                 prinf("\nproduct=%6.2f",x*y);<br />
      else if (choice==4)<br />
                 printf("\nquotient=%6.2f",x/y)<br />
       else<br />
               printf("\ninvalid Command");<br />
}<br />
<br />
<b>THE SWITCH STATEMENT:</b><br />
<div>
The switch statement enables you to select from multiple choices on a set of fixed values for a given expression. The choices are called cases. The selection between a numbers of cases is determined by the value of an integer expression that you specify between brackets following the keyword switch. The switch statement is very similar to the else-if statement but it has more flexibility and it is easy to use. The following simple program demonstrates the use of this statement.<br />
<br />
#include<stdio .h=""></stdio><br />
#include<conio .h=""></conio><br />
main()<br />
{<br />
int n;<br />
<br />
printf("\n enter an interger, N:");<br />
scanf("%d",&n);<br />
<br />
switch(n)<br />
{<br />
            case1:<br />
                  printf("N is 1");<br />
                  break;<br />
           case2:<br />
                   printf("N is 2");<br />
                  break;<br />
              default:<br />
                    printf("N is not 1 or 2");<br />
              }<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>THE CONDITIONAL OPERATOR:</b><br />
The conditional operator is sometimes called the ternary operator because it involves three operands and is the only operator to do so. it has similarities to the if-else statement because it selects one of the two choices depending on the value of a condition. However, where the if-else statement provides a way of selecting one of the two statements to be executed, the conditional operator is a way to choose between two values.<br />
 A conditional operator is a decision-making operator. It has the following form:<br />
                <br />
                                      condition ? expression1 : expression2;<br />
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Choices And Decisions That Are Used In C Language (The IF, IF-ELSE, ELSE-IF, Switch statement)

Decision-making is very important in any king of programming, It would not be possible to solve most problems without the ability to alter ...

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0 all, Articles, Games, Programming Langugaes, Reviews, Top 10, Tutorials 09:53:00

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Loop which are used in C Language With Syntax And Example

0 all, Articles, Programming Langugaes 09:11:00

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<b><u>Loops:</u></b><br />
         A loop makes possible repeated execution of one or more statements,This repetition must be controlled so that these statements are executed only a finite number of lines.C provides three statements to implement loop strecture.These three statements are:<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The For statement</b></li>
<li><b>The While statement </b></li>
<li><b>The Do-While statement.</b></li>
</ol>
<br />
<b><u>The For Loop:</u></b><br />
                        The for loop is primarily used for executing a statement or block of statements a predetermined number of times.You control a for loop using three expressions separated by semicolon,which are placed between brackets following the keyboard for.<br />
<b><u>Syntax:</u></b><br />
            The General form of the for statement is<br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;"> for(exp1;exp2;exp3)  
 {  
    Body of the loop (block of statements)  
 }  
</code></pre>
<br />
<b><u>Example:</u></b><br />
              <br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;"> #include <stdio .h=""><stdio .h="">
 #include <conio .h="">
 main ()  
 {  
 int j;  
 for (j=1;j<=3;J++)  
 printf("\nj=%d",j);  
 }  
</conio></stdio></stdio></code></pre>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>The While Loop:</u></b><br />
                            The while loop uses a logical expression to control execution of the loop body.The loop will continue as long as the value is non-zero.If the condition controlling the loop produces an integer,Any non-zero integer means the condition is ture and only a zero means it is false.<br />
 <b><u>Syntax:</u></b><br />
               The while statement has the general form<br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;">  while (expression)  
        {  
           body of the loop  
          }  
</code></pre>
<b><u>Example:</u></b><br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;">  #include <stdio.h>   
          #incluse  
          main()  
          {  
           int count;  
           float marks,sum,avg  
           sum=0;  
           count=0  
          printf("\nenter marks:");  
          scanf("%f",&amp;marks);  
          while (marks&gt;=0)  
        {  
          sum=sum+marks;  
          count=count+1  
          printf("\nEnter marks:")"  
          scanf("%f",&amp;marks);  
         }  
         avg=sum/count;  
        printf("\nagverage marks=%6.2".avg);  
        printf("\n no.of marks in the list=%2d",count);  
</code></pre>
<br />
<b><u>The Do While Loop:</u></b><br />
                                  The do while loop is similar to the while loop in that loop continues as long as the specified loop condition remains true.However,the difference is that the loop condition is checked at the end of the do while loop,rather then at the begining,so the loop body is always executed at least once.<br />
<br />
<u style="font-weight: bold;">Syntax:</u><br />
              This sort of loop takes a form that is easy to understand:<br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;">  do  
       {  
          body of the loop  
          }  
         while (expression);  
</code></pre>
<b><u>Example:</u></b><br />
<b><u><br />
</u></b><br />
<pre style="background-image: URL(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQG_4Z5PHAZI43jq0DhmY_6sMn3Bn-0ZxRjoCqY3yfr0yv3dqUgXdGh7ApAeXPLtBKlA04vjrnHVHJ301eXMVuOBD2rRiDml9fYZaeVzr5n9_wpTMIoYFm5lHQSdg2JWqUNivUd8-ICW6E/s320/codebg.gif); background: #f0f0f0; border: 1px dashed #CCCCCC; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 99%;"><code style="color: black; word-wrap: normal;">  #include   
          #include   
          main(),  
         {  
           char ch:  
           ch='A';  
           do  
          {  
          printf("%c",ch);  
          ch=ch+1;  
        }  
        while(ch<='Z');  
       }  <u style="font-weight: bold;">
</u></code></pre>
<b><u>If you have any questions/queries,feel free to ask.<br />
<br />
</u></b></div>

Loop which are used in C Language With Syntax And Example

Loops: A loop makes possible repeated execution of one or more statements,This repetition must be controlled so that these statem...

Programming Langugaes & Introduction To C Language

0 all, Articles, Programming Langugaes 19:06:00

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<b><u>Programming Languages:</u></b><br />
                                          Programming languages are the languages in which computer programs are written. Programming languages are divided in to 3 languages:<br />
<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Machine Language<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Assembly Language<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>High Level Languages (HLL)<br />
<b><u>Machine Language:</u></b><br />
                                 Those languages which computer can understand are called machine language. Each type of computer has its own machine language which consists of zeros (0) and ones (1), because of its binary nature and almost infinite detail practically no programming is done in this language. Instead assembly languages and HLL are used. Regardless of which programming language we use in solving a problem, the program must ultimately be converted to its machine language equivalent for execution by the computer.<br />
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<b><u>Assembly Language:</u></b></div>
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                                   This language allows the programmer to use all the computer features through symbolic codes and locations rather than machine codes and binary, However use of assembly language requires a comprehensive knowledge of how the computer works. Assembly languages are use to free the programmer from most of the details of the machine language.</div>
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<b><u>High Level Language:</u></b></div>
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                                      High Level use English words and familiar arithmetic symbols. They are easy to learn and use. A large variety of High Level Languages has been developed to write programs related with various fields.</div>
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<b><u>History Of C Language:</u></b></div>
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                                         It was developed in early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. It is one of the most popular programming language use today for wrting all types of applications and software. It combines some features of assembly language and HLL. It has undergone server changes and improvements. It is a very efficient programming Language.</div>
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                               C has become one the most popular programming language today. In the past, it was mainly used for writing system programs such as operating systems, compilers etc. Today, it is preferred by many programmers for writing all types of applications as well such as word-processing programs, database management system, games etc.</div>
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                               C is an efficient programming language. When C programs is translated to machine language it produces very efficient code which is very similar to what would be produces if the program were written in assembly language’s language has a small set of reserve words and the basic data types are simply integer , floating-points number and character. It does not have read and write statements like other language for performing I/O operations. These operations are performed by means of functions provided in standard library.</div>
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                                Some obscure abbreviations are also used in C which save your time and create concise source code. These abbreviations can confuse the beginners but are very useful once you get familiar with the language.</div>
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Programming Langugaes & Introduction To C Language

Programming Languages: Programming languages are the languages in which computer programs are wr...

Computer Free Knowlege